Input Parameters

Results

--
Wing Area
ft²
--
Downforce
lbs
--
Drag Force
lbs
--
L/D Ratio
Note: Optimal wing angle of attack is typically 6-12 degrees before stall. Higher aspect ratio wings are more efficient (less induced drag). Endplates add 15-30% effectiveness by reducing tip vortices.

Reference

Cl ≈ 2π × sin(α) (thin airfoil theory, inverted) Cd = Cd0 + Cl² / (π × AR × e) AR = Span / Chord (aspect ratio) Downforce = ½ × ρ × V² × Cl × Area Drag = ½ × ρ × V² × Cd × Area L/D = Cl / Cd