Results
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Mechanical Efficiency
%
Note: The Chen-Flynn model is widely used in SAE literature for friction estimation. Piston/ring friction is 40-50% of total, bearings 20-30%, valve train 10-15%, and accessories 10-20%.
Reference
FMEP = C0 + C1×P_max + C2×MPS + C3×MPS²
Chen-Flynn: C0=0.4, C1=0.005, C2=0.09, C3=0.0009
Mean Piston Speed = 2 × Stroke × RPM / 60
Friction Power = FMEP × Disp × RPM / (2 × 60)
Mech Efficiency = BMEP / (BMEP + FMEP)